The Secret Ingredient in My Beloved Coca-Cola Revealed: "CARMINE"
This substance can be deadly if an allergic reaction occurs. I love Coca-Cola but I think it will be sadly absent from now on from my dinner table. It was discovered by Turkish authorities who did an analysis on it. Read and weep.(((
Таинственным ингредиентом Соса-Соla оказались червяки. В состав напитка
входит еще и таинственный экстрактКомпания Соса-Соla раскрыла секрет
производства знаменитого напитка: в его основе - пищевая добавка,
добываемая из червяков. Этот факт умалчивался с 1886 года.
Как оказалось, турецкий фонд Святого
Николая подал на Соса-Соla в суд, требуя раскрыть формулу производимого
напитка, чтобы узнать, не являются ли ингредиенты, входящие в состав
колы, вредными.
В состав напитка, который можно было
увидеть на этикетке, кроме сахара, фосфорной кислоты, кофеина, карамели,
двуокиси углерода входит еще и таинственный экстракт. Исследователи
установили, что это натуральный краситель кармин или пищевая добавка
кошениль, добываемая из кошенильных червяков. В пищевой промышленности
этот экстракт также известен как карминовая кислота.
Кошениль же — это общее название
нескольких видов насекомых из разных семейств подотряда кокцид, самки
которых используются для получения красной краски — кармина.
Теперь компания Соса-Соla будет
вынуждена обнародовать этот факт. В противном случае путь напитку на
турецкий рынок будет закрыт.
http://korrespondent.net/tech/science/720404
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock
Cochineal Insect,
a scale insect traditionally used by Native Americans to make a crimson
dye called cochineal. Spanish explorers in the 1550s brought cochineal
from Mexico back to Europe. Cochineal became the most widely traded and,
next to gold and silver, the most valuable product of the West Indies.
Cochineal production was lucrative until the 20th century when synthetic
dyes largely replaced cochineal. The cochineal scale that had commercial
importance is native to South America. Several other scale insects in
the same genus are native to desert areas of the southwestern United
States. These scales also were once used to make dye, but to a much
lesser extent than the South American cochineal insect.
The adult female cochineal insect is
2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long with a distinctly segmented, purplish red
or carmine-colored body. Cochineal insects feed on certain prickly pear
cacti and are most obvious on the flat pads of the cactus in spring.
They occur in colonies covered with a fluffy white wax that they
secrete. The cochineal insect's bright reddish body is not visible
unless the waxy secretions are scraped away and the scale's outer
covering is punctured. Cochineal is produced from the dried, crushed
bodies of cochineal scale insects. A carefully tended cactus yields
about 20 pounds of scale each year.
The cochineal industry has an
intriguing history. For over 200 years after the insect's discovery,
Spain prohibited export of live cochineal insects and prevented
foreigners from visiting production areas in the Americas. Many
Europeans mistakenly thought the dye was produced from cactus fruit, and
Spanish authorities encouraged such misconceptions in order to maintain
their cochineal monopoly. The Dutch amateur scientist Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek in 1704 used microscopic lenses to analyze dried cochineal.
Leeuwenhoek determined that cochineal consisted entirely of female scale
insects. Many people found this unbelievable. Wide acceptance that
cochineal dye was produced from the cochineal insect did not occur until
the late 1700s, when the insects were successfully introduced and
established outside of the Americas.
Cochineal production peaked in
the 1870s, when as much as 7 million pounds of dye were produced
annually. The development of less expensive, synthetic aniline dyes
virtually eliminated cochineal production as well as cultivation of
prickly pear cacti for this purpose. A small cochineal industry still
exists in the Canary Islands, Peru, and Mexico. Recent findings that
some synthetic red dyes may induce cancer has renewed interest in
cochineal production. Cochineal-based dye is again becoming popular as a
coloring agent, especially in processed foods.
Scientific classification: The
South American cochineal insect is Dactylopius coccus. Cochineal insects
belong to the order Homoptera and the scale family, Dactylopiidae. North
American dye-producing scales are also in the genus Dactylopius.
Carmine
Carminic acidCarmine (IPA:
/?k??m?n, ?k?rma?n, -mi?n/), also called Crimson Lake, Cochineal,
Natural Red 4, C.I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright red color
obtained from the carminic acid produced by some scale insects, such as
the cochineal and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general term
for a particularly deep red color. Carmine is used in the manufacture of
artificial flowers, paints, rouge, yogurt, cosmetics, food additives,
and crimson ink.
Production
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (November
2008)
Carmine may be prepared from cochineal, by
boiling dried insects in water to extract the carminic acid and then
treating the clear solution with alum, cream of tartar, stannous
chloride, or potassium hydrogen oxalate; the coloring and animal matters
present in the liquid are thus precipitated. Other methods are in use in
which egg white, fish glue, or gelatine are sometimes added before the
precipitation.
The quality of carmine is affected by
the temperature and the degree of illumination during its preparation,
sunlight being requisite for the production of a brilliant hue. It also
differs according to the amount of alumina present in it. It is
sometimes adulterated with cinnabar, starch and other materials; from
these the carmine can be separated by dissolving it in ammonia. Good
carmine should crumble readily between the fingers when dry.
Carmine lake is a pigment obtained by
adding freshly precipitated alumina to decoction of cochineal.
Carmine can be used as a staining agent in
microbiology, as a Best's carmine to stain glycogen, mucicarmine to
stain acidic mucopolysaccharides, and carmalum to stain cell nuclei. In
these applications, it is applied together with a mordant, usually an
Al(III) salt.
Allergy
Carmine is used as a food dye
in many different products such as juices, ice cream, yogurt, and candy,
and as a dye in cosmetic products such as eyeshadow and lipstick.
Although principally a red dye, it is found in many foods that are
shades of red, pink, and purple. As a food dye it has been known to
cause severe allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock in some
people.[1] [2]
Food products containing
carmine-based food dye may prove to be a concern for people who are
allergic to carmine, or people who choose not consume any or certain
animals, such as vegetarians, vegans, and followers of religions with
dietary law (e.g. kashrut in Judaism and halaal in Islam).
Regulations for use in foodstuffs
In the United States, carmine is
approved as dye for foodstuffs. In January 2009, FDA passed a new
regulation requiring carmine and cochineal to be listed by name on the
label. This regulation is effective January 5, 2011.
In January 2006, the FDA evaluated a
proposal[3] that would require food products containing carmine to list
it by name on the ingredient label. It was also announced[citation
needed] that the FDA will separately review the ingredient labels of
prescription drugs which contain colorings derived from carmine. A
request from the Center for Science in the Public Interest (article
titled: "FDA Urged to Improve Labeling of or Ban Carmine Food Coloring"
[1])[citation needed] to require ingredient labels to explicitly state
that carmine may cause severe allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock
and that is derived from insects was declined by the FDA. Food
industries were aggressively opposed to the idea of writing "insect
based" on the label and they finally agreed to simply putting
"carmine"[citation needed].
Although concerns over hazards from
allergic reactions have been asserted,[citation needed] the United
States Food and Drug Administration agency (FDA) has not banned the use
of carmine and states it found no evidence of a "significant hazard" to
the general population.[2]
Anaphylaxis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (Redirected from
Anaphylactic shock), Anaphylaxis, Classification and external
resources, ICD-10 T78.2, Diseases DB 29153, Medicine med/128, MeSH
D000707
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic
(multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in
humans and other mammals. The term comes from the Greek words ??? ana
(against) and ??????? phylaxis (protection).[1] Minute amounts of
allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction.
Anaphylaxis may occur after ingestion, skin contact, injection of an
allergen or, in some cases, inhalation.
Anaphylactic shock, the most severe
type of anaphylaxis, occurs when an allergic response triggers a quick
release from mast cells of large quantities of immunological mediators
(histamines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) leading to systemic
vasodilation (associated with a sudden drop in blood pressure) and edema
of bronchial mucosa (resulting in bronchoconstriction and difficulty
breathing). Anaphylactic shock can lead to death in a matter of minutes
if left untreated.
An estimated 1.24% to 16.8% of the
population of the United States is considered "at risk" for having an
anaphylactic reaction if they are exposed to one or more allergens,
especially penicillin and insect stings. Most of these people
successfully avoid their allergens and will never experience
anaphylaxis. Of those people who actually experience anaphylaxis, up to
1% may die as a result.[3] Anaphylaxis results in approximately 18
deaths per year in the U.S. (compared to 2.4 million deaths from all
causes each year in the U.S.[4]). The most common presentation includes
sudden cardiovascular collapse (88% of reported cases of severe
anaphylaxis).
Researchers typically distinguish
between "true anaphylaxis" and "pseudo-anaphylaxis" or an "anaphylactoid
reaction." The symptoms, treatment, and risk of death are identical, but
"true" anaphylaxis is always caused directly by degranulation of mast
cells or basophils that is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), and
pseudo-anaphylaxis occurs due to all other causes.[5] The distinction is
primarily made by those studying mechanisms of allergic reactions.
Causes
Anaphylaxis is a severe,
whole-body allergic reaction. After an initial exposure ("sensitizing
dose") to a substance like bee sting toxin, the person's immune system
becomes sensitized to that allergen. On a subsequent exposure ("shocking
dose"), an allergic reaction occurs. This reaction is sudden, severe,
and involves the whole body.
Hives and angioedema (hives on the
lips, eyelids, throat, and/or tongue) often occur. Angioedema may be
severe enough to block the airway. Prolonged anaphylaxis can cause heart
arrhythmias.
Some drugs (polymyxin, morphine,
x-ray dye, and others) may cause an "anaphylactoid" reaction
(anaphylactic-like reaction) on the first exposure.[6] This is usually
due to a toxic reaction, rather than the immune system mechanism that
occurs with "true" anaphylaxis. The symptoms, risk for complications
without treatment, and treatment are the same, however, for both types
of reactions. Some vaccinations are also known to cause "anaphylactoid"
reactions.[7] Antitoxins and antivenins may cause similar reactions.
Anaphylaxis can occur in response to
any allergen. Common causes include insect bites/stings, food allergies
(peanuts and tree nuts are the most common, though not the only), and
drug allergies. Pollens and other inhaled allergens rarely cause
anaphylaxis. In opthamology, the dye fluorescein used in some eye exams
is a well known trigger. Some people have an anaphylactic reaction with
no identifiable cause (idiopathic).
Symptoms
Symptoms of anaphylaxis are related to the action of Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
and other anaphylatoxins, which act to release histamine and other
mediator substances from mast cells (degranulation). In addition to
other effects, histamine induces vasodilation of arterioles and
constriction of bronchioles in the lungs, also known as bronchospasm
(constriction of the airways).
Tissues in different parts of the
body release histamine and other substances. This causes constriction of
the airways, resulting in wheezing, difficulty breathing, and
gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, and
diarrhea. Histamine causes the blood vessels to dilate (which lowers
blood pressure) and fluid to leak from the bloodstream into the tissues
(which lowers the blood volume). These effects result in shock. Fluid
can leak into the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, causing pulmonary
edema.
Symptoms can include the following: polyuria, respiratory
distress, hypotension (low blood pressure), encephalitis, fainting,
unconsciousness, urticaria (hives), flushed appearance,
angioedema (swelling of the lips, face, neck and throat): this can be
life threatening, tears (due to angioedema and stress), vomiting,
itching, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anxiety
The time between ingestion of the
allergen and anaphylaxis symptoms can vary for some patients depending
on the amount of allergen consumed and their reaction time. Symptoms can
appear immediately, or can be delayed by half an hour to several hours
after ingestion.[8] However, symptoms of anaphylaxis usually appear very
quickly once they do begin.
Diagnosis
Apart from its clinical features,
blood tests for tryptase (released from mast cells) might be useful in
diagnosing anaphylaxis.[9]
In some cases, it is unclear from the
patient interview what triggered the anaphylaxis. In this setting, skin
allergy testing (with or without patch testing) or RAST blood tests can
sometimes identify the cause.
Treatment Emergency treatment
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening
medical emergency because of rapid constriction of the airway, often
within minutes of onset, which can lead to respiratory failure and
respiratory arrest. Brain and organ damage rapidly occurs if the patient
cannot breathe. Due to the severe nature of the emergency, patients
experiencing or about to experience anaphylaxis require the help of
advanced medical personnel. First aid measures for anaphylaxis include
rescue breathing (part of CPR). Rescue breathing may be hindered by the
constricted airways, but if the patient stops breathing on his or her
own, it is the only way to get oxygen to him or her until professional
help is available.
The primary treatment for anaphylaxis
is administration of epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine prevents
worsening of the airway constriction, stimulates the heart to continue
beating, and may be life-saving. Epinephrine acts on Beta-2 adrenergic
receptors in the lung as a powerful bronchodilator (i.e. it opens the
airways), relieving allergic or histamine-induced acute asthmatic attack
or anaphylaxis. If the patient has previously been diagnosed with
anaphylaxis, he or she may be carrying an EpiPen or Twinject for
immediate administration of epinephrine. However, use of an EpiPen or
similar device only provides temporary and limited relief of symptoms.
Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) results
from stimulation of Beta-1 adrenergic receptors of the heart increasing
contractility (positive inotropic effect) and frequency (chronotropic
effect) and thus cardiac output.[10] Repetitive administration of
epinephrine can cause tachycardia and occasionally ventricular
tachycardia with heart rates potentially reaching 240 beats per minute,
which itself can be fatal. Extra doses of epinephrine can sometimes
cause cardiac arrest. This is why some protocols advise intramuscular
injection of only 0.3–0.5mL of a 1:1,000 dilution.
Some patients with severe allergies
routinely carry preloaded syringes containing epinephrine,
diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and dexamethasone (Decadron) whenever they
go to an unknown or uncontrolled environment.
Clinical care
Paramedic treatment in the field includes administration of epinephrine
IM; antihistamines IM (such as chlorphenamine or diphenhydramine);
steroids, such as hydrocortisone or dexamethasone; IV Fluid
administration and in severe cases, pressor agents (which cause the
heart to increase its contraction strength) such as dopamine for
hypotension, administration of oxygen, and intubation during transport
to advanced medical care.
In severe situations with profuse
laryngeal edema (swelling of the airway), cricothyrotomy or tracheotomy
may be required to maintain oxygenation. In these procedures, an
incision is made through the anterior portion of the neck, over the
cricoid membrane, and an endotracheal tube is inserted to allow
mechanical ventilation of the patient.
The clinical treatment of anaphylaxis
by a doctor and in the hospital setting aims to treat the cellular
hypersensitivity reaction as well as the symptoms. Antihistamine drugs
such as diphenhydramine or chlorphenamine (which inhibit the effects of
histamine at histamine receptors) are continued but are usually not
sufficient in anaphylaxis, and high doses of intravenous corticosteroids
such as dexamethasone or hydrocortisone are often required. Hypotension
is treated with intravenous fluids and sometimes vasopressor drugs. For
bronchospasm, bronchodilator drugs (e.g. salbutamol, known as Albuterol
in the United States) are used. In severe cases, immediate treatment
with epinephrine can be lifesaving. Supportive care with mechanical
ventilation may be required.
It is also possible to undergo
a second reaction prior to medical attention or using an Epipen. It is
suggested to seek one to two days of medical care.
The possibility of biphasic reactions
(recurrence of anaphylaxis) requires that patients be monitored for four
hours after being transported to medical care for anaphylaxis.[10]
Many anaphylactic patients will
be sent home or released after the initial reaction is declared over.
Yet, rebound reactions are almost always bound to happen. Most people
with anaphylaxis have a rebound a few hours after the initial reaction,
yet there are cases where a rebound would occur after as much time as a
week.